Классы и объекты (PHP 5)
Regarding object inheritance:
I hope this helps someone, it should help if you're new to OOPS
<?php
class A {
public $x = 'A';
public function foo() {
$b = new B;
$b->bar();
return $this->x;
}
}
class B extends A {
public function bar() {
$this->x = 'B';
}
}
$a = new A
echo $a->foo(); //A
?>
I was doing something similar to this (example is greatly simplified to show logic) and spent a long while trying to work out why I would always get 'A' and never get 'B'. Now, after a few weeks, I have revisited the problem and have worked out why:
The code 'new B' creates a new instance of class B. While class B extends class A, it is a new object and not an extension of the object created by 'new A'
The value of $x is set to 'B' within the object $b, but not in object $a.
If within A::foo(), one was to access $b->x then one would obtain the vale 'B', for example
<?php
class C {
public $x = 'C';
public function foo() {
$c = new C;
$c->bar();
$this->x = $c->$x
return $this->x;
}
}
class D extends C {
public function bar() {
$this->x = 'D';
}
}
$c = new C
echo $c->foo(); //D
?>
Основы
class
Каждое определение класса начинается с ключевого слова class, затем следует имя класса, которое может быть любым именем не входящим в список зарезервированных слов PHP. После идет пара фигурных скобок, в которых находится определение свойств и методов класса. Псевдо-переменная $this доступна в том случае, когда метод был вызван в контексте объекта. $this является ссылкой на вызываемый объект. Обычно это тот объект, которому принадлежит вызванный метод, но может быть и другой объект, если метод был вызван статически из контекста другого объекта. Это показано на следующих примерах:
Пример #1 переменная $this в объектно-ориентированном языке
<?php
class A
{
function foo()
{
if (isset($this)) {
echo '$this определена (';
echo get_class($this);
echo ")\n";
} else {
echo "\$this не определена.\n";
}
}
}
class B
{
function bar()
{
A::foo();
}
}
$a = new A();
$a->foo();
A::foo();
$b = new B();
$b->bar();
B::bar();
?>
Результат выполнения данного примера:
$this определена (a) $this не определена. $this определена (b) $this не определена.
Пример #2 Определение класса Simple Class
<?php
class SimpleClass
{
// объявление свойства
public $var = 'значение по умолчанию';
// объявление метода
public function displayVar() {
echo $this->var;
}
}
?>
Значение по умолчанию должно быть постоянным выражением и не может быть, например, переменной, членом класса или вызовом функции.
Пример #3 Значение свойства класса по умолчанию
<?php
class SimpleClass
{
// неправильное объявление свойств:
public $var1 = 'hello '.'world';
public $var2 = <<<EOD
привет, мир
EOD;
public $var3 = 1+2;
public $var4 = self::myStaticMethod();
public $var5 = $myVar;
// правильное объявление свойств:
public $var6 = myConstant;
public $var7 = self::classConstant;
public $var8 = array(true, false);
}
?>
Замечание: Тут представлены несколько полезных функций для управления классами и объектами. Возможно, вам будет интересно взглянуть на функции Класса/Объекта.
В отличии от heredocs, nowdocs могут быть использованы как статические данные в любом контексте.
Пример #4 Пример использования nowdocs в контексте статических данных
<?php
class foo {
// Для PHP 5.3.0
public $bar = <<<'EOT'
bar
EOT;
}
?>
Замечание: Поддержка nowdocs добавлена в PHP 5.3.0.
new
Для создания экземпляра класса новый объект должен быть создан и присвоен переменной. Новый объект всегда будет присвоен переменной, за исключением случаев, когда объект имеет конструктор, в котором определен вызов исключения в случае ошибки. Рекомендуется определять классы до создания их экземпляров (в некоторых случаях это уже не рекомендуется, а требуется).
Пример #5 Создание экземпляра класса
<?php
$instance = new SimpleClass();
?>
В контексте класса возможно создать новый объект через new self и new parent.
Когда происходит назначение уже существующего экземпляра класса новой переменной, то это переменная будет иметь доступ к экземпляру класса того объекта, который был назначен. Это поведение будет таким же, как и в случае передачи экземпляра класса в функцию. Копию уже созданного объекта можно создать через клонирование.
Пример #6 Присваивание объекта
<?php
$assigned = $instance;
$reference =& $instance;
$instance->var = '$assigned будет иметь это значение';
$instance = null; // $instance и $reference становятся null
var_dump($instance);
var_dump($reference);
var_dump($assigned);
?>
Результат выполнения данного примера:
NULL NULL object(SimpleClass)#1 (1) { ["var"]=> string(30) "$assigned будет иметь это значение" }
extends
Класс может наследовать методы и свойства другого класса используя ключевое слово extends при декларации. Невозможно наследовать несколько классов, один класс может наследовать только один базовый класс.
Наследуемые методы и свойства могут быть переопределены (за исключением случаев, когда метод класса объявлен как final) путем объявления их с теми же именами, как и в родительском классе. Существует возможность доступа к переопределенным методам или статическим методам путем обращения к ним через parent::
Пример #7 Простое наследование класса
<?php
class ExtendClass extends SimpleClass
{
// Переопределение родительского метода
function displayVar()
{
echo "Расширенный класс\n";
parent::displayVar();
}
}
$extended = new ExtendClass();
$extended->displayVar();
?>
Результат выполнения данного примера:
Расширенный класс значение по умолчанию
add a note
User Contributed NotesОсновы
chris (@) xeneco (dot) co (dot) uk
27-Nov-2008 01:25
27-Nov-2008 01:25
Jeffrey
09-Oct-2008 01:49
09-Oct-2008 01:49
A PHP Class can be used for several things, but at the most basic level, you'll use classes to "organize and deal with like-minded data". Here's what I mean by "organizing like-minded data". First, start with unorganized data.
<?php
$customer_name;
$item_name;
$item_price;
$customer_address;
$item_qty;
$item_total;
?>
Now to organize the data into PHP classes:
<?php
class Customer {
$name; // same as $customer_name
$address; // same as $customer_address
}
class Item {
$name; // same as $item_name
$price; // same as $item_price
$qty; // same as $item_qty
$total; // same as $item_total
}
?>
Now here's what I mean by "dealing" with the data. Note: The data is already organized, so that in itself makes writing new functions extremely easy.
<?php
class Customer {
public $name, $address; // the data for this class...
// function to deal with user-input / validation
// function to build string for output
// function to write -> database
// function to read <- database
// etc, etc
}
class Item {
public $name, $price, $qty, $total; // the data for this class...
// function to calculate total
// function to format numbers
// function to deal with user-input / validation
// function to build string for output
// function to write -> database
// function to read <- database
// etc, etc
}
?>
Imagination that each function you write only calls the bits of data in that class. Some functions may access all the data, while other functions may only access one piece of data. If each function revolves around the data inside, then you have created a good class.
wbcarts at juno dot com
21-Aug-2008 04:11
21-Aug-2008 04:11
CLASSES and OBJECTS that represent the "Ideal World"
Wouldn't it be great to get the lawn mowed by saying $son->mowLawn()? Assuming the function mowLawn() is defined, and you have a son that doesn't throw errors, the lawn will be mowed.
In the following example; let objects of type Line3D measure their own length in 3-dimensional space. Why should I or PHP have to provide another method from outside this class to calculate length, when the class itself holds all the neccessary data and has the education to make the calculation for itself?
<?php
/*
* Point3D.php
*
* Represents one locaton or position in 3-dimensional space
* using an (x, y, z) coordinate system.
*/
class Point3D
{
public $x;
public $y;
public $z; // the x coordinate of this Point.
/*
* use the x and y variables inherited from Point.php.
*/
public function __construct($xCoord=0, $yCoord=0, $zCoord=0)
{
$this->x = $xCoord;
$this->y = $yCoord;
$this->z = $zCoord;
}
/*
* the (String) representation of this Point as "Point3D(x, y, z)".
*/
public function __toString()
{
return 'Point3D(x=' . $this->x . ', y=' . $this->y . ', z=' . $this->z . ')';
}
}
/*
* Line3D.php
*
* Represents one Line in 3-dimensional space using two Point3D objects.
*/
class Line3D
{
$start;
$end;
public function __construct($xCoord1=0, $yCoord1=0, $zCoord1=0, $xCoord2=1, $yCoord2=1, $zCoord2=1)
{
$this->start = new Point3D($xCoord1, $yCoord1, $zCoord1);
$this->end = new Point3D($xCoord2, $yCoord2, $zCoord2);
}
/*
* calculate the length of this Line in 3-dimensional space.
*/
public function getLength()
{
return sqrt(
pow($this->start->x - $this->end->x, 2) +
pow($this->start->y - $this->end->y, 2) +
pow($this->start->z - $this->end->z, 2)
);
}
/*
* The (String) representation of this Line as "Line3D[start, end, length]".
*/
public function __toString()
{
return 'Line3D[start=' . $this->start .
', end=' . $this->end .
', length=' . $this->getLength() . ']';
}
}
/*
* create and display objects of type Line3D.
*/
echo '<p>' . (new Line3D()) . "</p>\n";
echo '<p>' . (new Line3D(0, 0, 0, 100, 100, 0)) . "</p>\n";
echo '<p>' . (new Line3D(0, 0, 0, 100, 100, 100)) . "</p>\n";
?>
<-- The results look like this -->
Line3D[start=Point3D(x=0, y=0, z=0), end=Point3D(x=1, y=1, z=1), length=1.73205080757]
Line3D[start=Point3D(x=0, y=0, z=0), end=Point3D(x=100, y=100, z=0), length=141.421356237]
Line3D[start=Point3D(x=0, y=0, z=0), end=Point3D(x=100, y=100, z=100), length=173.205080757]
My absolute favorite thing about OOP is that "good" objects keep themselves in check. I mean really, it's the exact same thing in reality... like, if you hire a plumber to fix your kitchen sink, wouldn't you expect him to figure out the best plan of attack? Wouldn't he dislike the fact that you want to control the whole job? Wouldn't you expect him to not give you additional problems? And for god's sake, it is too much to ask that he cleans up before he leaves?
I say, design your classes well, so they can do their jobs uninterrupted... who like bad news? And, if your classes and objects are well defined, educated, and have all the necessary data to work on (like the examples above do), you won't have to micro-manage the whole program from outside of the class. In other words... create an object, and LET IT RIP!
ashraf dot samhouri at hotmail dot com
24-May-2008 04:35
24-May-2008 04:35
@info -- 20-April
This is because you requested class "b" before defining it, not because you defined class "b" before "a". It doesn't make a difference which class you define first.
info at youwanttoremovethisvakantiebaas dot nl
21-Apr-2008 01:40
21-Apr-2008 01:40
if you do this
<?php
$x = new b();
class b extends a {}
class a { }
?>
PHP will tell you "class b not found", because you've defined class b before a. However, the error tells you something different.... Got me a little confused :)
david dot schueler at tel-billig dot de
15-Feb-2008 04:16
15-Feb-2008 04:16
If you just want to create a new object that extends another object and you want to copy all variables from the father object, you may use this piece of code:
<?php
$father =& new father();
$father->a_var = "Hello World.";
$son = new son($event);
$son->say_hello();
class father {
public $a_var;
}
class son extends father {
public function __construct($father_class) {
foreach ($father_class as $variable=>$value) {
$this->$variable = $value;
}
}
public function say_hello() {
echo "Son says: ".$this->a_var;
}
}
?>
This outputs:
Son says: Hello World.
So you dont have to clone the entire object to get the contents of the variables from the father object.
aaron at thatone dot com
16-Dec-2007 04:46
16-Dec-2007 04:46
I was confused at first about object assignment, because it's not quite the same as normal assignment or assignment by reference. But I think I've figured out what's going on.
First, think of variables in PHP as data slots. Each one is a name that points to a data slot that can hold a value that is one of the basic data types: a number, a string, a boolean, etc. When you create a reference, you are making a second name that points at the same data slot. When you assign one variable to another, you are copying the contents of one data slot to another data slot.
Now, the trick is that object instances are not like the basic data types. They cannot be held in the data slots directly. Instead, an object's "handle" goes in the data slot. This is an identifier that points at one particular instance of an obect. So, the object handle, although not directly visible to the programmer, is one of the basic datatypes.
What makes this tricky is that when you take a variable which holds an object handle, and you assign it to another variable, that other variable gets a copy of the same object handle. This means that both variables can change the state of the same object instance. But they are not references, so if one of the variables is assigned a new value, it does not affect the other variable.
<?php
// Assignment of an object
Class Object{
public $foo="bar";
};
$objectVar = new Object();
$reference =& $objectVar;
$assignment = $objectVar
//
// $objectVar --->+---------+
// |(handle1)----+
// $reference --->+---------+ |
// |
// +---------+ |
// $assignment -->|(handle1)----+
// +---------+ |
// |
// v
// Object(1):foo="bar"
//
?>
$assignment has a different data slot from $objectVar, but its data slot holds a handle to the same object. This makes it behave in some ways like a reference. If you use the variable $objectVar to change the state of the Object instance, those changes also show up under $assignment, because it is pointing at that same Object instance.
<?php
$objectVar->foo = "qux";
print_r( $objectVar );
print_r( $reference );
print_r( $assignment );
//
// $objectVar --->+---------+
// |(handle1)----+
// $reference --->+---------+ |
// |
// +---------+ |
// $assignment -->|(handle1)----+
// +---------+ |
// |
// v
// Object(1):foo="qux"
//
?>
But it is not exactly the same as a reference. If you null out $objectVar, you replace the handle in its data slot with NULL. This means that $reference, which points at the same data slot, will also be NULL. But $assignment, which is a different data slot, will still hold its copy of the handle to the Object instance, so it will not be NULL.
<?php
$objectVar = null;
print_r($objectVar);
print_r($reference);
print_r($assignment);
//
// $objectVar --->+---------+
// | NULL |
// $reference --->+---------+
//
// +---------+
// $assignment -->|(handle1)----+
// +---------+ |
// |
// v
// Object(1):foo="qux"
?>
alan at alan-ng dot net
10-Oct-2007 07:41
10-Oct-2007 07:41
The following odd behavior happens in php version 5.1.4 (and presumably some other versions) that does not happen in php version 5.2.1 (and possibly other versions > 5.1.4).
<?php
$_SESSION['instance']=...;
$instance=new SomeClass;
?>
The second line will not only create the $instance object successfully, it will also modify the value of $_SESSION['instance']!
The workaround I arrived at, after trial and error, was to avoid using object names which match a $_SESSION array key.
This is not intended to be a bug report, since it was apparently fixed by version 5.2.1, so it's just a workaround suggestion.
mep_eisen at web dot de
10-Aug-2007 04:06
10-Aug-2007 04:06
referring to steven's post:
****
Perhaps this is because =& statements join the 2 variable names in the symbol table, whereas = statements applied to objects simply create a new independent entry in the symbol table that simply points to the same location as other entries. I don't know for sure - I don't think this behavior is documented in the PHP manual, so perhaps somebody with more knowledge of PHP's internals can clarify what is going on.
****
lets talk about
a =& b;
b = c;
PHP internally marks a to be a reference to b. If You reassign b PHP does not update a. But if you access a once more PHP looks at the current value of b (now containing c).
Both statements (a=b and a=&b) seem to do the same but they don't. However this changed for objects from PHP4 to PHP5. Where PHP4 needed this operator to avoid object cloning, PHP5 does not need it.
It is explained in chapter 21 (References Explained). It's important to understand that a becomes a reference and the following code will not modify b:
a =& b;
a =& c;
Dan Dascalescu
27-Oct-2006 09:00
27-Oct-2006 09:00
If E_STRICT is enabled, the first example will generate the following error (and a few others akin to it):
Non-static method A::foo() should not be called statically on line 26
The example should have explicitly declared the methods foo() and bar() as static:
class A
{
static function foo()
{
...